This panel includes subhaplogroups of DF27 that display moderate geographical differentiation, of interest to link a sample with a specific location of the Iberian Peninsula or with Iberian ancestry. This is the first minisequencing panel that allows a fine subtyping of R1b-DF27, which displays high frequencies in Iberian and Iberian-influenced populations.
In the present study, we introduce a panel of 15 Y-SNPs for a fine-resolution subtyping of the haplogroup R1b-DF27, in a single minisequencing reaction. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found within the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) represent a powerful tool in forensic genetics for inferring the paternal ancestry of a vestige and complement the determination of biogeographical origin in combination with other markers like AIMs. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compile the studies of the Y chromosome haplogroups in current European populations, in order to provide an outline of these haplogroups which facilitate their use in forensic studies. In addition, the study of the Y chromosome in Europe is a valuable tool for revealing the genetic trace of the different European colonizations, mainly in several American countries, where the European ancestry is mostly detected by the presence of the R1b-M269 haplogroup. However, other haplogroups have been identified which, although less frequent, provide significant evidence about the paternal origin of the populations. The analysis of Y lineages in Europe shows the predominance of four haplogroups, R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438 and R1a-M420. For this reason, it is interesting to study the Y chromosome variability and how it has contributed to improving our knowledge of the distribution and development of European male genetic pool as it is today. The remarkable historical context of Europe, with numerous migrations and invasions, has turned this continent into a melting pot. Due to its paternal inheritance, the Y chromosome polymorphisms are helpful tools for understanding the geographical distribution of populations all over the world and for inferring their origin, which is really useful in forensics.
The Y chromosome has been widely explored for the study of human migrations. Our results support the view that the 'Black Legend' and historical propaganda on sexual aggression have nurtured today's incorrect assumptions regarding genetic ancestry. No trend of higher frequencies of these variants has been found within the well-ascertained samples associated with Spanish Fury cities.Īlthough sexual aggression did occur in the 16th century, these activities did not leave a traceable "Spanish" genetic signature in the autochthonous genome of the Low Countries.
The frequencies of Y-chromosomal markers Z195 and SRY2627 decline steeply going north from Spain and the data for the Flemish and Dutch populations fits within this pattern. Frequencies of these variants are also compared between donors whose oldest reported paternal ancestors lived in-nowadays Flemish-cities affected by so-called Spanish Furies (N = 116) versus other patrilineages in current Flemish territory (N = 971).
The impact of the presence of Spaniards during the Dutch Revolt on the genetic variation in the Low Countries has been verified in this study.Ī recent population genetic analysis of Iberian-associated Y-chromosomal variation among Europe is enlarged with representative samples of Dutch (N = 250) and Flemish (N = 1,087) males. Historians claim this assumption is a consequence of the so-called "Black Legend" and negative propaganda portraying and remembering Spanish soldiers as extreme sexual aggressors. War atrocities committed by the Spanish army in the Low Countries during the 16th century are so ingrained in the collective memory of Belgian and Dutch societies that they generally assume a signature of this history to be present in their genetic ancestry.
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